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Wendelstein 7-X
![Computer graphic: Magnetic coils and plasma of Wendelstein 7-X. The shape of the plasma is governed by the optimised magnetic field: It features fivefold symmetry, i.e. viewed from above, the plasma is not circular but resembles a pentagon. Other features are the spiral shape of the magnetic axis and the varying – triangular to bean-shaped – cross-section of the plasma.](/4326243/original-1673955102.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjQzMjYyNDN9--5886ecb672e0ea549fe976ba5cdc05dd950f346c)
w7x_spulen_plasma.eps
Computer graphics: Magnet coils and plasma of the Wendelstein 7-X fusion device in Greifswald (Graphics: MPI for Plasma Physics)
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![w7x_kryostat_jpg](/1457017/w7x_kryostat_jpg-1382015359.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjE0NTcwMTd9--a888ead547775452fa8a44a499e6c954f9ab6a1d)
w7x_kryostat_jpg
Computer graphics: Cryostat, magnet coils and plasma of the Wendelstein 7-X fusion device. (Graphics: MPI for Plasma Physics)
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![original](/4325663/original-1517424722.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjQzMjU2NjN9--2fba871d1c2877f6be8edb170641f0f2519e6196)
w7x_schema.jpg
Computer graphics: Cryostat, magnet coils, support structure and plasma vessel of the Wendelstein 7-X fusion device. (Graphics: MPI for Plasma Physics)
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![IPP](/4332562/original-1678694573.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjQzMzI1NjJ9--a5f23aa6f5d494be3be2d87ceccf55cec12e69ed)
w7x_schema_2.png
Computer graphics: Plasma vessel and magnet coils of the Wendelstein 7-X fusion device (Graphics: MPI for Plasma Physics)
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![original](/4333056/original-1517424867.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjQzMzMwNTZ9--4eb054460d407f9cb53fbb8a4a244822bd35c2d0)
1_6_w7x.png
Sequence, picture 1: Computer graphics: plasma vessel of the Wendelstein 7-X fusion device. (Graphics: MPI for Plasma Physics)
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![Graphic: IPP](/4333066/original-1517424867.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjQzMzMwNjZ9--b1dda8e666ff58bd6f3f57cc5b17e7ee96900ce5)
2_6_w7x.png
Sequence, picture 2: Computer graphics: Plasma vessel and superconducting magnet coils of the Wendelstein 7-X fusion device. (Grafics: MPI for Plasma Physics)
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![Graphic: IPP](/4333076/original-1517424867.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjQzMzMwNzZ9--a5a156952816aa74dec2f5a0f51a8583a195dace)
3_6_w7x.png
Sequence, picture 3 – computer graphics: Plasma vessel and superconducting stellarator magnet coils as well as planar magnet coils of the Wendelstein 7-X fusion device. (Graphics: MPI for Plasma Physics)
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![original](/4333086/original-1517424867.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjQzMzMwODZ9--a1624cc31f7c2d5645b7d6e8c3a21f93abc208d7)
4_6_w7x.png
Sequence, picture 4 – computer graphics: Plasma vessel, superconducting stellarator magnet coils, planar magnet coils, cooling pipes, current leads and support structure of the Wendelstein 7-X fusion device. (Graphics: MPI for Plasma Physics)
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![original](/4333096/original-1517424868.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjQzMzMwOTZ9--98148209afd688b7bdf48f8bc67740659c4237d1)
5_6_w7x.png
Sequence, picture 5 – computer graphics: Plasma vessel, superconducting stellarator magnet coils, planar magnet coils, support structure and cryostat of the Wendelstein 7-X fusion device. (Graphics: MPI for Plasma Physics)
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![original](/4333106/original-1517424868.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjQzMzMxMDZ9--7da07351e1201c31b6e9fc79bc0924866b548321)
6_6_w7x.png
Sequence, picture 6 – computer graphics: The outer vessel, the cryostat, of the Wendelstein 7-X fusion device. (Graphics: MPI for Plasma Physics)
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![The first of a total of 50 stellarator magnet coils has been delivered to Greifswald.](/4326713/original-1599058527.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjQzMjY3MTN9--6ecca3778efbfe38be396b71bcbe27b6787c0b2c)
w7x_spule.tif
One of a total of 50 stellarator magnet coils for Wendelstein 7-X (Photo: MPI for Plasma Physics, Beate Kemnitz)
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![Part of the plasma vessel during fabrication](/4324179/original-1568277920.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjQzMjQxNzl9--4d998d062dc91a7a247423fa407e04bbc1dfcc7c)
W7X_gefaess_6.jpg
Segment of the plasma vessel for Wendelstein 7-X during production.
(Photo: MPI for Plasma Physics, Wolfgang Filser)
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![original](/4325653/original-1598014462.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjQzMjU2NTN9--31917f1fe99854f416cfffd119c55dc2d15dad97)
w7x_montage.jpg
Assembly of a half-module: Suspended in a rotatable support structure, the first of 50 stellarator magnet coils is strung onto a segment of the plasma vessel. (Photo: MPI for Plasma Physics, Beate Kemnitz)
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![One of the five sections of the outer vessel of Wendelstein 7-X](/4325943/original-1599056294.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjQzMjU5NDN9--9b998d50ecd9c35fc6e5db26473b9552a406448e)
w7x_aussengefaess_1.tif
One of the five sections of the outer vessel of Wendelstein 7-X during production.
(Photo: MPI for Plasma Physics, Wolfgang Filser)
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![original](/4328688/original-1517424781.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjQzMjg2ODh9--15a27611efe937951d7dbd81de65d0f1a6a0661b)
w7x_gefaess_aussen_2.tif
One of the five sections of the outer vessel of Wendelstein 7-X during production.
(Photo: MPI for Plasma Physics, Wolfgang Filser)
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![original](/4328668/original-1517424781.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjQzMjg2Njh9--002399eabe53192cd3fa4727633cbf8d067eda75)
w7x_halbmodul.jpg
A completed half-module of Wendelstein 7-X on the way to the second pre-assembly rig (Photo: MPI for Plasma Physics, Beate Kemnitz)
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![original](/4328678/original-1517424781.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjQzMjg2Nzh9--1f79bd07de8559d3673c35ecb6a22555faa38816)
w7x_modul.jpg
One of the five modules during transport to its final position on the machine foundation. (Photo: MPI for Plasma Physics, Beate Kemnitz)
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![Progress of assembly: The ring is closed; the interior of Wendelstein 7-X, visible here, has now disappeared behind the steel outer shell](/4326043/original-1599052047.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjQzMjYwNDN9--1bb0de686ee37973736dfb155e018b2b76d96086)
w7x_torus_innen.jpg
View inside one of the modules. Visible are the plasma vessel, a magnet coil, the outer casing, and numerous ducts for coolant and leads for power. (Photo: MPI for Plasma Physics, Wolfgang Filser)
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![The last component is still missing: Wendelstein 7-X prior to installation of the last cryostat section](/4326053/original-1597932751.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjQzMjYwNTN9--eeb438faa3e5b6b40a09fd485442a7e2512a0fe5)
w7x_torus_aussen.jpg
All five modules are installed on the machine’s foundation (December 2011). The missing final section of the outer casing (top front) will complete the core of the device. (Photo: MPI for Plasma Physics, Anja Ullmann)
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![original](/4328698/original-1517424781.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjQzMjg2OTh9--ba15926f6538feb570e1e0a5c4490a0cbd56df1c)
w7x_torus_mai_2013.jpg
The last open seam of the outer steel casing of Wendelstein 7-X was closed at the end of May 2013. The core of the device was then structurally complete.
(Photo: MPI for Plasma Physics, Anja Ullmann)
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![Photo: IPP, Thorsten Bräuer](/4333002/original-1670852662.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjQzMzMwMDJ9--745b1a03eb546bcfe35a242ebe77a573b0447939)
w7x_aussen_2015.jpg
Wendelstein 7-X in December 2015.
(Photo: MPI for Plasma Physics, Torsten Bräuer)
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![original](/4683322/original-1670853584.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjQ2ODMzMjJ9--80ebe47615fb7b02d5eb326a2e91add741bbc27d)
w7x_torus_aussen_2017
View of Wendelstein 7-X with its numerous diagnostics (April 2017)
(Photo: MPI for Plasma Physics, Jan Michael Hosan)
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![original](/5290688/original-1670855678.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjUyOTA2ODh9--c014dfd8bc92bb29c7952e5c05d5d30bb5321f4b)
W7X_Torus_aussen_2021_Halle.jpg
View of Wendelstein 7-X in November 2021 (Photo: MPI for Plasma Physics, Jan Michael Hosan)
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![original](/5291172/original-1670926130.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjUyOTExNzJ9--81ea44b18627dbeb93ba611219653fda08667fb7)
Torus_W7X_2021.jpg
Wendelstein 7-X in November 2021 (Photo: MPI for Plasma Physics, Jan Michael Hosan)
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![original](/4332572/original-1670926817.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjQzMzI1NzJ9--d522a31f7fdef4aaa4aaae4334b7c3e0354a901c)
w7x_plasmagefaess.jpg
View into the plasma vessel Wendelstein 7-X (2015)
(Photo: MPI for Plasma Physics, Thorsten Bräuer)
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![original](/4682500/original-1558523505.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjQ2ODI1MDB9--93a9f6734555a567bf569d53e546cbfc0f75421a)
w7x_plasmagefaess_2017
Assembly of graphite tiles in the plasma vessel of Wendelstein 7-X (2017)
(Photo: MPI for Plasma Physics, Jan Michael Hosan)
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![original](/5289205/original-1670854315.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjUyODkyMDV9--0bc47a37144f209471b43c100d3708e56b057f48)
W7X_Plasmagefaess_2021.jpg
Final assembly work in the plasma vessel of Wendelstein 7-X im November 2021
(Photo: MPI for Plasma Physics, Jan Michael Hosan)
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![original](/5289706/original-1670855031.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjUyODk3MDZ9--b5ac9f29956adf79c242d88ced8e00da28956e91)
plasmagefaess_W7X_2021_ohne_Person.jpg
View into the plasma vessel of Wendelstein 7-X (November 2021)
(Photo: MPI for Plasma Physics, Jan Michael Hosan)
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![The evidence: the fluorescent rod makes closed, nested magnetic surfaces visible – the magnetic field cage for the plasma is exactly as it should be.](/4332492/original-1517424859.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjQzMzI0OTJ9--7b6c6c4b6b17967b37ee1a7cdcce98a570e2e738)
w7x_poincare_plot.jpg
Testing of the Wendelstein 7-X magnetic field (July 2015): the fluorescent rod makes closed, nested magnetic surfaces visible – the magnetic field cage for the plasma is exactly as it should be.
(Photo: MPI for Plasma Physics, Matthias Otte)
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![Flux surface diagnostics: the photograph combines the tracer of an electron beam on its multiple circulation along a field line through the plasma vessel with the image points left behind by a fluorescent rod which has been moved through the image plane. The rod is moved quickly and is not visible due to the lengthy exposure time.](/4332502/original-1517424859.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjQzMzI1MDJ9--c96b063290352c5d454329a80ee400fb970715eb)
w7x_island_chain.jpg
Flux surface diagnostics for Wendelstein 7-X (July 2015): the photograph combines the tracer of an electron beam on its multiple circulation along a field line through the plasma vessel with the image points left behind by a fluorescent rod which has been moved through the image plane.
(Photo: MPI for Plasma Physics, Matthias Otte)
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![10th December 2015: The first plasma in Wendelstein 7-X. It consisted of helium and reached a temperature of about one million degrees Celsius. (coloured black-and-white photo)](/4332980/original-1675952808.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjQzMzI5ODB9--e00e859889361bb0236776148e60b33db1b53905)
w7x_plasma_15_c.jpg
(coloured b/w photo)
w7x_plasma_15.tif
(original b/w photo)
10 December 2015: The first plasma in Wendelstein 7-X. It consisted of about one milligram of helium and reached a temperature of one million degrees Celsius. (Photo: MPI for Plasma Physics)
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![The first hydrogen plasma in Wendelstein 7-X.](/4333136/original-1538730062.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjQzMzMxMzZ9--1ac908a4d7a971c1a5ebb24ffc9ad3754e7d4d15)
w7x_plasma_16_c.tif
(coloured b/w photo)
w7x_plasma_16.tif
(original b/w photo)
3 February 2016: The first hydrogen plasma in Wendelstein 7-X. It reached a temperature of 80 million degrees Celsius. (Photo: MPI for Plasma Physics/Wigner RCP)
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![original](/5290218/original-1670856150.jpg?t=eyJ3aWR0aCI6MjQ2LCJvYmpfaWQiOjUyOTAyMTh9--d674c0bbd001be80e89e71547563e1b5cb69a97f)
plasma_W7X.jpg
Plasma image from 25 June 2018
(Photo: MPI for Plasma Physics/Wigner RCP)